Endnotes

Historical Context: 

Karen Leonard, Making Ethnic Choices: California's Punjabi Mexican Americans (1992)

Seema Sohi, Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America (2014)

Moon-Ho Jung, Menace to Empire: Anticolonial Solidarities and the Transpacific Origins of the US Security State (2023)

Joan Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (1988)

South Asian Organizing in the US:

Manan Desai, The United States of India: Anticolonial Literature and Transnational Refraction (2020)

Avinash Hingorani, A Clash of Color: Dialogues on Race, Caste, and Solidarity in the United States and India (2024)

Ayushia Neogi, “How Does it Feel to be a Solution?: How South Asian Migration from 1885 to 1923 Created a Modern South Asian ‘Other’ Used to Promote Conservative Rhetoric” (2021)

The Shift to NYC: 

Maia Ramnath, Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire (2011)

Taraknath Das:

Tapan Mukherjee, Taraknath Das: Life and Letters of a Revolutionary in Exile (1998)

Lajpat Rai: 

Andrea Slater, "W.E.B. Du Bois' Transnationalism: Building a Collective Identity among the American Negro and the Asian Indian" (2011)

J.S. Grewal and Indu Banga, eds., Lala Lajpat Rai in Retrospect: Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Concerns (2000)

Bill Mullen and Cathryn Watson, W.E.B. Du Bois on Asia: Crossing the World Color Line (2005)

Collusions: 

Harish Puri, Ghadar Movement: Ideology, Organisation, and Strategy (1993)

Seema Sohi, "Archives of Anticolonialism, Surveillance, and Solidarities: Tracing Early South Asian American Histories of Activism" (2024) 

Seema Sohi, "The Ghadar Party" (2018)